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          netconf协议
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            <div class="post-description">公司项目需要做一个nms(Net Management System)网管系统, 需要使用netconf, yang 通信。虽然专业相关性不强，但本着学习协议设计的思想，那就验证我所认为的编程的相通性吧。</div>

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        <h3 id="是什么-为什么-怎么做-为什么"><a href="#是什么-为什么-怎么做-为什么" class="headerlink" title="是什么, 为什么, 怎么做, 为什么"></a>是什么, 为什么, 怎么做, 为什么</h3><p><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6241#section-10.3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rfc 6241 netconf</a><br>netconf定义了一套机制, 用来安装，操作，删除网络设备的配置。使用xml来承载协议信息，为分层内容提供了灵活但完全指定的编码机制。<br><a href="https://tonydeng.github.io/rfc6241-zh/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rfc 6241 netconf中文翻译</a><br><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6020" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rfc 6020 yang model</a><br>yang model是一种数据模型语言，被用来为netconf, netconf远程调用(rpc, remote procedure calls), Notifications操作的配置和状态数据进行建模。<br>yang 包含了netconf 的xml rpc 的协议, 可以使用工具转换成相应的xml形式。<br>ssh<br>ssl</p>
<p><a href="https://tonydeng.github.io/2017/11/28/netconf-call-home/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netconf call home介绍</a></p>
<p>sysreop 一套存储yang文件的数据库框架<br>netopeer 模拟的服务端， 客户端实验环境</p>
<p>netconf 从概念上分为四层<br>    content, 不在文本范转之内，被期望用于分别开展标准化netconf数据模型的工作。<br>    operations, 定义了一套基本协议操作, 作为带有xml编码参数的RPC方法调用。<br>    messages, 为编码RPC和Notifications提供一个简单的， 与传输无关的帧机制<br>    secure transport, 提供客户端与服务端的通信路径。</p>
<pre><code>yang 是为指定netconf数据模型和协议操作而开发的，涵盖了operations 和 content层。</code></pre><p>基于netconf的通信流程是什么？<br>    先建立tcp连接， 再建立ssh连接，再建立netconf session, 然后发送<code>&lt;hello&gt;</code>信息，交换能力。</p>
<p>netconf是xml的，为什么yang model要重新定义语言模型。<br>yang model 是承载于neconf吗？<br>netconf是如何基于ssh 通信的?<br>需要移植哪几个库？<br>放到ctms端，是使用文件数据库，还是使用数据库。 </p>
<p>xml 与 model对应转换的库</p>
<p>model 与 数据库对应转换的库</p>
<h3 id="开源库"><a href="#开源库" class="headerlink" title="开源库"></a>开源库</h3><p>先将netopeer2编译跑起来，看一看是什么工具</p>
<p>需要依赖的库很多libssh, libnetconf2, libyang, libsysrepo, 选择直接安装，又出现了版本不匹配问题, libssh, libnetconf2, libyang, 这些库直接编译， 也会有依赖库缺失问题。</p>
<p>cmake 工程， 可以生成visual studio。</p>
<p>libssh安装最新的ppa</p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kedazo/libssh-0.7.x</span><br><span class="line">sudo apt-get update</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>编译安装依赖库 </p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 换清华或阿里源</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo apt install zlib1g zlib1g-dev libssh-gcrypt-dev build-essential cmake libssh-dev</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/qq_27923047/article/details/108001624" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netopeer2使用</a></p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">netopeer2-server -d -v 2</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><a href="https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/zh/doc/EDOC1000178403/258c27a0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netconf配置</a></p>
<p>libnetconf2 如何使用, 看来主要是移植这个库就行了。 </p>
<p>运行错误<br><code>[ERR]: NP: Module &quot;ietf-netconf&quot; feature &quot;writable-running&quot; not enabled in sysrepo.</code><br><a href="https://github.com/CESNET/netopeer2/issues/652" target="_blank" rel="noopener">解决办法</a></p>
<p><code>[ERR]: SR: mkfifo() failed (Operation not permitted)</code><br><a href="https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/issues/3195" target="_blank" rel="noopener">解决办法</a><br><a href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/chmod-chown-wsl-improvements/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">improved wsl</a></p>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将所有的/mnt 下的windws盘都重新挂载一下， 就可以正常启动了。</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo umount /mnt/c sudo mount -t drvfs C: /mnt/c -o metadata</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>nc ERROR: Unable to connect to localhost:830 (Connection refused).
cmd_connect: Connecting to the localhost:830 as user &quot;root&quot; failed.</code><br><a href="https://github.com/CESNET/netopeer2/issues/579" target="_blank" rel="noopener">解决办法</a><br>登陆失败， 检查服务端是不是因为登陆失败产生segmentation fault 挂掉了。<br>这里并不是用户认证的问题， 而是服务端挂掉了， 导致ssh 通道关闭，如何拿到server端的具体的日志？</p>
<p><code>Failed to open &quot;/sr_ietf-netconf-acm.running&quot; (Permission denied).</code></p>
<p>出错误的核心思想是看日志， 找不到啥库就下载。</p>
<h3 id="rpc-model"><a href="#rpc-model" class="headerlink" title="rpc model"></a>rpc model</h3><p><code>&lt;rpc&gt;</code> 用于封装从客户端发到服务端的netconf请求。 有一个强制属性 message-id</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">rpc</span> <span class="attr">message-id</span>=<span class="string">"101"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">xmlns</span>=<span class="string">"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">my-own-method</span> <span class="attr">xmlns</span>=<span class="string">"http://example.net/me/my-own/1.0"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">my-first-parameter</span>&gt;</span>14<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">my-first-parameter</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">another-parameter</span>&gt;</span>fred<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">another-parameter</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">my-own-method</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">rpc</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>&lt;rpc-reply&gt;</code> 响应<code>&lt;rpc&gt;</code>操作, 有一个强制属性 message-id, 还必须包含<code>&lt;rpc&gt;</code>中一切额外的属性。</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">rpc</span> <span class="attr">message-id</span>=<span class="string">"101"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">xmlns</span>=<span class="string">"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">xmlns:ex</span>=<span class="string">"http://example.net/content/1.0"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">ex:user-id</span>=<span class="string">"fred"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">get</span>/&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">rpc</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">rpc-reply</span> <span class="attr">message-id</span>=<span class="string">"101"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">xmlns</span>=<span class="string">"urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">xmlns:ex</span>=<span class="string">"http://example.net/content/1.0"</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">     <span class="attr">ex:user-id</span>=<span class="string">"fred"</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">data</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">&lt;!-- contents here... --&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">data</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">rpc-reply</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>&lt;rpc-error&gt;</code> 放在 <code>&lt;rpc-reply&gt;</code>中发送</p>
<p><code>&lt;ok&gt;</code> 处理 <code>&lt;rpc&gt;</code>请求期间没有发生错误或警告, <code>&lt;ok&gt;</code> 元素将放在 <code>&lt;rpc-reply&gt;</code> 消息中发送。</p>
<p>受管的设备必须按照请求的顺序发送响应。</p>
<h3 id="子树过滤"><a href="#子树过滤" class="headerlink" title="子树过滤"></a>子树过滤</h3><p>子树过滤器<br>    * 名字空间选择<br>    * 属性匹配表达式<br>    * 包含节点<br>    * 选择节点<br>    * 内容匹配节点</p>
<h3 id="能力"><a href="#能力" class="headerlink" title="能力"></a>能力</h3><p><code>&lt;hello&gt;</code>信息中携带能力信息。 </p>
<h3 id="通道建立"><a href="#通道建立" class="headerlink" title="通道建立"></a>通道建立</h3><p>call home 过程</p>
<p>tcp 连接 </p>
<p>ssh 加密<br>    ssh端口转发功能来实现tcp通信的加密 </p>
<pre><code>vmware虚拟机 ssh 连接, 虚拟机的网络配置成 VMnet8(NAT)模</code></pre><p>netconf会话</p>
<h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><p>netconf 是使用xml 进行交互的可配置语言，提供了一些默认的操作，get-config, edit-config, replace-config, delete-config等等。<br>netconf 是一种协议标准，这种标准形式寄托于xml语言实现。 主要用于实现社备间的远程通信。 </p>
<p>子树过滤， 能力， 选择器这些，是针对NMS系统与服务设备间通信业务必要性，可扩展性设计的。</p>
<h3 id="资料文档"><a href="#资料文档" class="headerlink" title="资料文档"></a>资料文档</h3><p><a href="https://github.com/CESNET/libnetconf2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github-libnetconf2</a><br><a href="https://github.com/CESNET/libyang" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github-libyang</a><br><a href="https://github.com/CESNET/Netopeer2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github-libNetpeer2</a><br><a href="https://github.com/sysrepo/sysrepo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github-sysrepo</a><br><a href="http://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener">libssh</a><br><a href="https://miaopei.github.io/2020/09/22/Netconf/sysrepo-netconf-node/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netopeer2 笔记</a><br><a href="https://github.com/openconfig/public/tree/master/release/models" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open config public yang models</a><br><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/139500393" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netconf 与 yang model 介绍</a><br><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8071#ref-NETCONF-MODELS" target="_blank" rel="noopener">netconf call home </a><br><a href="https://tonydeng.github.io/2017/11/28/netconf-call-home/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SDN之netconf call home</a><br><a href="https://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/12/ssh_port_forwarding.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ssh 端口转发</a></p>

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